SYNOPSIS: Since the lack of research materials，the development of Bencao in Southern Song Dynasty had been seldom known in the past. Based on the study of several newly found Bencao works, e.g. Baoqing Bencao Zhezhong (Discussion on Baoqing Bencao), this monography described the trail of the development of Bencao during this period by Introducing over dosen Bencao works written in Southern Song Dynasty￡(r)Most of these Bencao works were supplemented， briefed and revised on the

basis of Deguan Bencao. Great progresses was made on the editorial pattern in some of the clinical and practical Bencao works，such as，pharmacological content was concluded on different topics in the summary section, explanation of individual material medical items by items in other sections, and so on .the correction of characteristics，functions and original species, supplement of new material medica in Southern China as well as record of local drugs was outstanding development of Bencao in Southern Song Dynasty.

In the research of the history of Bencao, the study on development of Bencao in Jin and Yuan Dynasty had reached quite high level.However, the development of Bencao in Southern Song Dynasty， which was contemporary with the former, has been seldom paid proper attention. The difficulties in some further research were due to lack of literature and material that concerned the topic.

Fortunately Bencao literature in Sourthen Song Dynasty, such as Shaoxing Bencao( Bencao of the Shaoxing Period, copied by SHENGU Kezhen)， Luchanyan Bancao and Baoqing Bencao Zhezhong (Discussion on Baoqing Bencao)have been reserved on the mainland of China so as to provide newly-found precious material for researching the development of Bencao in this period. The reason why Baoqing Bencao Zhezhong (the following named as Baoqing Bencao) is so precious not only because the characters reserved most（ about 300,000 ), but also，the most importantly，because there are specialized introduction of the situation of Bencao’s development in the whole Song Dynasty.Based on respective study on these newly-found literature in Southern Song Dynasty, I approach the trail of development of Bencao at that time in order to understand the characteristic of the development and their historic effecd in the history of Bencao.

On the basis of collection of present Bencao works in Southern Song Dynasty，The Chart of The Development System of Bencao in Southern Song Dynasty is drawed according to the completion date and relationship among various Bencao works.

From this chart，we could see that Daguan Jingshi Zhenglei beiji Bencao (Bencao of the Daguan period，Annotated and Arranged by Types，Based upon the Classics and Historical Works)-the following named as Daguan Bencao-and Bancao Yanyi (Elucidation of the Meaning of Pharmaceutics) composed of the basis of the whole Bencao system of Southern Song Dynasty－ and the former is more important.

The large-scale editorial work was suddenly weaker as the count of Northern Song Dynasty moved to South China. Nevertheless, In the early years of Southern Song Dynasty, there was another small－scale official editorial event with the result of completion of Shaoxing Jingshi Zhenglei Beiji Bencao (Bencao of the Shaoxing period, Annotated and Arranged by types, Based upon the Classics and Historical works)-the following namd as Shaoxing Bencao- which was the unique pharmaceutic works supplemented on Daguan Bancao with some original style on the editorial method in Northern song Dynasty. Probably because of politic factor, this work had not spread normally. Except several Bibliographies, shaoxing Bencao had Been mentioned very few in Bencao works in Southern Song Dynasty-actually, in ary other Bencao literature, it has been seen even a single quotation of its content. Thus Shaoxing Bencao has not accelerate the development of Bencao in Southern Song dynasty and later ages

Although in song Dynasty, Daguan Bencao was the first works with such rich pharmacemcal content, the vast volumes and uneven level brought quite a few problems to the clinical physicians who practiced upon it. Therefore， abridgment or extraction became common method in the editorial process of Bencao works in Southern Song Dynasty, yet these works can be furtherly devided into two types, one is Abrige and another as Extract.

The so-called Abridge type, i.e. reserve the main body of Daguan Bencao in its original style with some complicated material abridged. This kind of superficial changes could only make the original thick Daguan Bencao a little bit thinner Without any practical benefit to the development of Bencao.The typical works are Bencao Chengshu（Finished work of Bencao) and Xinbian leiyao Tuzhu Bencao (Illustrated and annotated Bencao, Newly Compiled and Containing the Most Important Information) editted by Zheng Qiao.

Ⅱ.Brief Introduction of Bencao works in Southern Song Dynasty

This book was completed around 1165 to 1173, the period of Qiandao period, without editor's name. Since Chen Yan (Chen Wuze), a Famous Taoist in Song Dynasty, wrote the forward of this book, Chen Yan (Chen Waiqin), the author of Baoqing Bencao, mentioned Jin Yun, the province where Chen Wuze lived， as the alternative name of Zuan Lei Bencao.

In this book，which was also abridged and extracted on the basis of Zheng Lei Bencao，the text and annotation of Zheng Lei Bencao were mixed together and the content Of each drugs item was concluded with " Name, Appearance, Nature, Usage". Taking the example of drugs item ,"Gui"(Cinnamonmu cassia)，the words under Appearance was the introduction of its original，shape and colour under Nature，showed the Nature and Flavour; under" Usage" ， its function was listed. With this format of item－by－item introduction of drugs, it is easy to concluded Pharmaceutical content and really a great progress in editorial method of Bencao works Besides， special topic was established at the beginning of each volume，as the summary of a pharmaceutical book, to discuss the difference between the name and fact ,preparation and counteraction and fear, etc. Chen Yan (Chen waigin) praised this book as "a classic and billiant exposition works which was quite easy to consulted and quite obvious to be understood.", and dicrectly derive advances from it in many content of Baoqing Bencao，his own works. Thus only in Benqing Bencao, we could find a small part of Baoqing Bancao, the lost works.

5. Bencao Jingzhu jiewen（Extract of the text and its annotation Bencao)， 4 volumes

Chen rixing's editorial work of this book had been conduCted from 1174 to 1189, known as Chunxi period. From the concerned records， this lost book brought forth no new ideas except some abrigenebg and extriction on the basis of Zhenglei Bencao.7)

6.Bencao Jieyao (Extact Of Bencao)，

editted by Zhang Song， around 1208

During Jiading Period, 1208 to 1224，Zhang Song selected medicainal drugs most in use and introduced their Nature， Flavour and Usage， and supplemented some new drugs or new functions of some drugs.8 Since this Bencao works is totally catering to clinical physicians demand， the originals and collect time of drugs were not recorded unnecessarily. And Zhang Song was an official， who had expierences in herbal using and distinguishing， as well and in jiuyuan Fang (The prescriptions on the Original￡(c)， his another medical, a lot of pharmacetical knowledge were colledted￡(r) There are a few lost text of this book recorded in Baoqing Bencao.

7. Xinblan Leiyao Tuzhu Bencao (illustrated and Annotated Material Medica，Newly compiled and Containing the Most Important Information，Arranged According to Types.

There are three Bencao edition with the same content with this book and a little differences in names i.e., Xinbian Zhenglei Tuzhu Bencao，Leibian Tujing Jizhu Yanyi Bencao and Tujing Yanyi Bencao.Although the volumes of these editions were increasing. the scale of material medical had exceeded that of Zhenglei Bencao Yanyi. The editor combined above two books into one，abridge the drugs least in use or some items and change the order of items. From this point，we can found that few of his own ideas can be seen in this book. It's not believable as，in the preface，said that editted by Kou Zongshi and corrected by Xu Hong and Liu Xinfu. Its edition of Southern Song Dynasty was mentioned in other bibliography works，but not in Baoqing-at least show at its influence in southern Song Dynasty was limited. As Chen Yan recorded:" In the works later than it， the text of Bencao yanyi was turned into annotation，attached at the end Of drugs items in Zhenglei Bencao."9) He probably refered to the works such as Xinbian Leiyao Tuzhu Bencao.

In this book， which is also an abridged edition of Zhenglei Bencao，recorded 463kinds Of materia medica（there is little difference in different editions). Although it named as Tujing Bancao, from the words like “Bleshuo (further statement)”，we can say that source of this book was still Daguan Bencao. The order of drugs items were like follows： main function recorded in Ben Jing(Classic of Pharmaceutics)and Bie Lu, the clinical Usage in Yaoxing Lun(Discussions on Drug qualities) and Rihuazi Bencao (Rihuzai's Bencao)，etc.，fear，counteraction, clashing and avoiding and so on. Few drugs－distinguish content of the original，collection and appearance was recorded in this book， but with more than 40Okinds of material medica illustrations attached. In view of this， this is a practical medical book mainly catering to clinical physicians.

Among the existed editions of Tujing Bencao Yaoxing Zonglun, the earliest one is Yuan Dynasty block￡-printed edition￡(r) Since in each edition，the names of authors were neither recorded， it is lack of evidence to judge the edition time only because the editor was born in early year of Yuang Dynasty. Recorded in Chen Yan's Baoqing Bencao10), two types of "chapter of Bencao” were added in front of two editions Of Hejiju Fang (The Remedy books of the Preparation Office￡(c)￡(r)The first one of them was written by Liu Mingzhi (Liu Xinfu，a famous physician， who“ collected the drugs most in use as an individual pamphlet before each volume.” However，the editorial time of this book is not so, obvious even it is known that Liu Xinfu lived during Jiading Perid(1208-1224). The second one is written by Huang Bodan during Baoqing Period(1225-1227)， who“also collected the drugs most in use and put them at the beginning of each volume Liu Mingzhi's style，though the quantity is less.” Even if Liu and Huang’s pamphlets wasn't titled， from these records， we could find that the content of these two physicians' works is the same as tujing Bencao Yaoxing Zonglun. it is the most possible that one of Liu Mingzhi and Huang Bodan was the editor of Tujing Bencao Yaoxing Zonglun， four editions of which attached Hejijiu Fang with little differences- and this needs further research.

9. Bencao Zheng Jing, 3 volumes：

editted by Wang Yan， around 1217

10. Luchenyan Bencao， 3 volumes，

editted and drawn by WangJie， 122O

Wang Jie is an artist who draw the coloured illustrations of 206 herbs around his house ( pieces extant) with the annotation of their main function and Usage in this Luchanyan Bencao. As an introduction of local Bencao in a small area, according to research, around Ciyunling Hill，located near HangZhou， it was the first time for 22 herbs introduced into Bencao by Wang Jie， who drew on local resources and paid attention to scale in different parts of each plants.From most of the accurate and delicate illustrations， it is very easy to do textual research on the families and genera they are of. The extant edition was a copy edition of Ming Dynasty. My several articles on the research of this book have been published and the xeroxed copy of this book came out in 1991.

Recorded in Zhiyatang Zachao (Zhiyatang Miscellanea)13) by Zhou Mi of Southern Song Dynasty and Shangshantang Shumu （Shangshantang Bibliography) 14) by Sun Congtian of Qing Dynasty， there were other editions with coloured illustrations， Which have been lost till today.

11. Bencao Jiyi (Various Discussions Of Bencao)，

Ai Yuanfu was a Bencaoist plenty of original ideas in Southern Song Dynasty. While editing Bencao JiyiHe also selected drugs material from Zhenglei Bencao and Bncao Yanyi， but different to others， he often expressed his opinion and introduced his own experiences on the Usage Of material medical. He did not only discussed topically on Natures of material medical， alternative drug names and preparation method of drugs，etc， at the beginning Of the book. And in each chapter， he combined the material medical of the same family together, e.g. combined Cishi and Xuanshi into Magnetite, while Fuzi and Tianxiong into Rhizome of Aconitum carmichaeli, and so on. The original had been lost but scores of lost sentences in that book were recorded in Baoqing Bencao. What is very interesting is that AiYuanfu mentioned in this book the fact of "the pig's gallbladder can be used as Calculus Bovis (Gallstones of Bos taurus domesticus)"in Southern Song Dynasty, obviously, it is the first record of artificial Calculus Bovis.

Among the 20 volumes- 14 volumes today, the first two volumes are the preface， in which the clinical Usage of materia medica were collected in 11 topics, Volume lll is“the biography and paean of the famous physicians”， in which 11 physicians material were introduced; and from Volume IV to the 20th volume is the topically introduction of various materia medica,in which 789 drugs-523 extant today-were recorded with serial number before each item, text extracted from ancient Bencao works and " Wu Shuo" （added notes), which was the author's own ideas and newly supplemented material, attached.The special value to the research of Bencao History is reflected by Qunxian Zhushu Nianchen (Chronicle of the outstanding Scholars' Works), the rare historical literature recorded at the bottom of the 20th volume，listing 7 Bencao works in Northern Song Dynasty while 6 in Southern Song dynasty.

Baoqing Bencao carried out the advantage of rigorous of the Bencao works in Northern Song Dynasty, at the same time，concentrated on the application of clinical practice. From Zhenglei Bencao， the editorial basis of Baoqing Bencao， the editor selected the material of material medical in most use and clinical application Chen Yan introduced a lot usage of drugs and experience of distinguishing material medical in "Xu Shuo". He also conducted the textual research of Nature， Flavour and function of material medical in the view of practical application.

after published，Baoqing Bencao spread in Zhe Jiang Province in Yuan Dynasty. Yongle Canon Quote some text of it， but quoted content of this book have not been found in other medical woks, in order to let more scholars see this valuable Bencao works，I corrected the extant edition of Baoqing Bencao kept in Beijing Library， supplemented the lost text found from Yongle Canon and this book published, sponsered by myself.

Ⅲ.Becao Extract in the appendix of prescription works

Special chapters of pharmaceutical content were established in the prescriptions works with early examples, such as Qianjin Yaofang, Qianjin Yifang and Yixin Fang, etc. The difference in Southern Song Dynasty is that "Bencao Extract in the appendix of prescription works" started to be in Vogue for a time￡(r)The so-called” Bencao Extract in the appendix of Prescription works" refered to the Bencao literature which were belong to some special prescription works and only as the explanation of the materia medica used in these prescription works. "Bencao Extract in the appendix of Prescription works" always be very concise， mainly explain the function of material medical or preparation methods. This kind of Bencao literation already could be seen in Northern Song Dynasty, for example， in the end of Pang Anshi's Shanghan Zongbing Lun attached Xiuzhi Yaofa (completed in 1113),the works of Wei Bing's, his follower. In Southern Song Dynasty，"Bencao Extract in the appendix of prescription works" became more common, as introduced in chronological sequence as follows:

From Shennong Bencao Jing to Zhenglei Bencao, with more than thousand years of accumulation, the Nature, Flavour, Curative and Usage of drugs recorded in Bencao literature apeared more and more. Under the same drug item, probably kinds of, even contrary, Nature, Curative and Flavour, were recorded, still, the lack of drugs' Nature and Flavoue could be found in Bencao woks. Some kinds of materia medica might be regarded as effective medicine, but after a period of time, they would possibly be forgotten. Yet, in most of Bencao works, only the Usage and function of the materia medica in their “top” time instead of when they became ignored. In the precise of Shaoxing Bencao, some Bencao books were criticized that“one finds the diverging views of all authors recorded in anoverly complete manner, so that it is impossible to decide the validity (of any information).”which refered to the chaos situation with more and more complicated Bencao books. No doubt, this was obviously disadvantageous to the development of pharmacology.

Among Bencao literature in southern Song Dynasty, the recorded correction of drugs' Nature, Flavour, Curative and Usage in Shaoxing Bencao and Baoqing Bencao are the most. In Shaoxing Bencao, almost all the materia medica mentioned in Zhenglei Bencao (without so-called “remaining” drugs) were discussed individually on their Nature, Flavour,Curative and Usage. In this book, some error in the ancient Bencao records were clearly pointed out. For example, item of qumal (Herba Dianthi): “ Qumai, its Nature, Flavour, Curative and Usage are all recorded in Ben jing. Although it was said (in Ben jing) that collect its fruits and dry Them in the shade, the physician now a days use its stem, leaves and fruits, only with the roots got rid of. (It) cures dribbling urinary block effectively. (Its) Flavour is bitter and pungent, while (its Nature) is cold and poisonous. p.s there is another explanation in Leigong Paozhi Lun: if its shell, stem and leaves being used together will cause Qi upper esohagus and urinary incontinence.' (This explanation) is utterly groundless.”The most loss of Chapter of Herbaccous and Chapter of Xylophyta in Shaoxing Bencao cause the evaluation of the materia medica most in use by the medical Scholars in Southern Song Dynasty can hardly be acknowledged today.

The correction format of materia medica in Chan Yan's Baoqing Bencao is concluded from the clinical practice. This point can be proved in the item of Bohe (Herba Menthae ) that:“Bohe, together with Jaisu (herba Schizonepetae), Shuisu (Herba Stachys Baicalensis), Xiangru (Herba Elsholtziae) in previous chapters and Shixingrou (Herba Moslae) in Chapter of Herbaccous, are five different herbs, of which flavour are are all Pungent while Nature are all Cold. Going through ancient to modern prescriptions, Usage of these five herbs to rectify wind and blood as well as Resolve heat toxin have become common, and that's another evidence to Prove the Nature of them are surely cold. Therefore, in former literature, the Conclusion of its Nature as warm is not proper. Thus we can deduce its Main curative, verified by prescription and taking other scholars' opinion as Reference, as a result we list the conclusion of 'cold' at the beginning of Each item.

The “newly-added” materia medica in the fragments of Baoqing Bencao counted 13,which are Caotouwu, Foercao, Liqing, Baizhi, Dingxiangpi, Zishaopi, Lujiaoshuang, Mirong, Gafen, Caoguo, Genian Lianpeng, Qingpi and Yingsuke. In addition, Qiushi mentioned in new subitems, and Oleum Hydnocarpus anthelmintica and camphor in concerned items were new materia medica actually. Camphor is attached under the item of Longnaoxiang (Drybalanops aromatica). Chen Yan recorded that “camphor, its flavour is puckery and its Nature is hot, qi is strong and colour is dark. It only can be used to do nothing but repulse flea and louse.”But in Hong Zun's Jiyan Fang (completed in 1170), camphor was used to Cure dry xian. The official medical office in Southern Song Dynasty, Camphor was always used in stead of Borneol - it mirrored camphor was Comparatively easy to get in that period of time. Oleum Hydnocarpus anthelmintica, an important drug used to cure leprosy, was introduced from South- east Asia into China in Southern Song Dynasty.

Otherwise, some new drugs (including foreign drugs) appeared in the prescription books, sketches and novels of Southern Song Dynasty。Some extanded materia medica also had new usage, such as Xiangru Cures febrile diseases in summer and haw disperses food, and so on.